No-Fault Divorce – Divorce, Dissolution & Separation Bill

No-fault divorce

The UK is finally welcoming a no-fault divorce procedure thanks to the Divorce, Dissolution, and Separation Bill passed in June 2020. The changes proposed in the bill are inarguably resulting in the most significant shape-up of divorce rulings for 50 years. These proposed rulings will be in effect from 6th April 2022. After this date, married couples and civil partners will be able to attain a divorce without assigning blame to the other party.

These divorce law changes, especially the no-fault divorce step, have been long overdue. The new divorce bill and resultant law changes will mitigate hostility between divorcing couples by eliminating the need to blame each other.

The Current State of Divorce Law

Until the rulings in the divorce bill come into effect, the current divorce law will remain operational. Under this law, married couples seeking divorce are required to prove the irretrievable breakdown of their marriage. Here are the proofs they can present to do so:

  • Desertion by one party
  • Adultery
  • Unreasonable behaviour
  • Consensual separation of at least two years
  • Non-consensual separation of five years

These factors remain the same for civil partnerships, except for adultery. They pit one party against the other instead of allowing the pair to separate and divorce amicably and through mutual agreement.

No-fault divorce – The New Divorce Bill

The new divorce rulings rooted in the Divorce, Dissolution, and Separation Act are meant to modernise the divorce proceedings in the current century. They aim to give the parties the option of a no-fault divorce, which will enable them to avoid confrontation and mitigate the damaging effect of an ugly divorce on children. The divorce bill will remove the need for one party to blame their spouse and allow the couple to sign a sole or joint statement citing the marriage’s breakdown and their wish to part ways.

This critical statement will prevent both parties from contesting the divorce as the court will consider it as proof of their marriage’s irretrievable breakdown. This way, both husband and wife or civil partners can file for a divorce without maligning the other’s character or proving the breakdown of their marriage. They will also not require the other individual’s consent to file for divorce. It will protect victims of domestic abuse as their abusive partners will not be able to contest their decision.

The New Divorce Process

The new divorce bill also alters the new minimum time for submitting a statement to 20 weeks. It will allow both parties to discuss the agreements surrounding their divorce. Once 20 weeks are done, the court will grant a condition order. After that, the applicant and their partner will have 6 additional weeks to reflect on their decision and then file a final order to end the marriage or civil partnership.

A Better Future

The breakdown of a marriage is an emotional time for any couple. Currently, partners have to prove one of the five conditions for divorce, resulting in parties assigning blame on each other. It gives rise to unnecessary conflict in an already emotionally-charged time. The current out-dated divorce process also affects the wellbeing of the child they share, if any. It also results in more expenditures, the involvement of many solicitors, and more emotional duress.

By ensuring a no-fault divorce, the UK will enable couples to resolve their divorce matters quickly and amicably. It will empower them to protect their children from a harrowing divorce process. It will also be a more collaborative process as neither party will feel the pressure of playing the blame game.

The UK Ends Extradition to Russia

The UK ends extradition to Russia

Following Russia’s invasion of Ukraine, the UK recently announced that it will end extradition to Russia as it seeks to freeze Putin’s regime from the international system. Priti Patel, the UK’s home secretary, has recently announced that the UK will go ahead with extradition suspension to Russia and stop all global criminal collaboration with the country.

Let’s look at the suspension of the UK’s extradition to Russia and the general reaction to this decision.

Why Did the UK Decide to Suspend Extradition to Russia?

The home secretary’s decision to ban extradition to the UK comes amid increasing concerns that the Crown Prosecution Service represented Putin’s government in the UK’s court of law at the British taxpayers’ expense. Priti Patel’s announcement is meant to curtail the reach of Putin’s regime dramatically. This move will end the 28 live extradition requests that Moscow has currently lodged with the UK.

Russia’s Abuse of the Extradition Arrangement

The decision to put an extradition suspension on Russia came due to increasing pressure from human rights groups, lawyers, legal experts, MPs, etc., who have repeatedly highlighted that Russia routinely breaches the extradition arrangement. For years now, they have voiced Russia’s abuse of the extradition agreement and its international obligations and assurances that it has continued to offer to the UK courts when it comes to extradition cases. Even before the UK’s move to end extradition to Russia, the United Kingdom had not approved extraditions to Russia since 2018, when the courts surmised that Russian authorities could not be trusted and the prison conditions were not independently monitored.

Russia’s Intention to Withdraw from the CoE

This move from the UK to end extradition to Russia will certainly prevent any extraditions in the near future. Moreover, the Russian government’s intention to withdraw from the Council of Europe and the European Convention on Human Rights will also stem future extradition plans. Even if the UK reinstates its extradition to Russia, it’s difficult to imagine the latter will be able to convince the UK courts to extradite anyone.

Even while Russia was a member of the Council of Europe and a signatory of the Convention, it had a hard time convincing the UK courts that it would comply with its human rights obligations. Now, in these circumstances, when such obligations do not bind Russia, the UK will not be easily convinced.

The UK Wants Russia Expelled from INTERPOL

Apart from the UK’s move to end extradition to Russia, it also wants Putin’s government to be expelled from INTERPOL. It’s something human rights activist groups have been pushing for because of Russia’s abuse of Red Notices to attain political dissents. INTERPOL has already stipulated that Moscow can no longer send diffusions directly to INTERPOL country members and instead must send them to the General Secretariat so that they can check them for compliance.

How Will This Move Affect Both Countries

Regardless of the clear stance of the UK courts since 2018, the government’s move to end extradition to Russia will certainly impact both nations. Russia is already reputedly making extradition requests to the UK and claims that 28 live extradition cases are currently under the UK authorities. It will affect all those cases and might lead the UK to consider alternatives to the current agreement, such as ad hoc extradition agreements with Putin’s government. Otherwise, the UK might become a safe haven for fugitives from Russia.

 

Execution of Foreign Judgments Post-Brexit

execution of foreign judgments post-Brexit

Interested in learning about the execution of foreign judgments post-Brexit in England and Wales? Read on to find out everything you need to know!

In December 2020, Brexit came into effect, and the EU’s regulations on jurisdictions and recognition and execution of judgments in civil and commercial issues ceased to apply in the UK since it was no longer an EU member. Since January 2021, the UK has had no clear legal system for the execution of foreign judgments post-Brexit. Today, businesses rely on domestic recognition regimes in the country, which include additional procedural steps to recognise a foreign judgment. It makes enforcing these foreign judgments more time-consuming, costly, and challenging.

Let’s explore this in detail:

The Hague Agreement

Before moving forward with Brexit, the UK agreed to the Hague Convention on the choice of Court Agreements. It’s not new to the country since it was part of this convention due to its EU membership. The Hague Convention can be applied in cases where the parties have entered into an exclusive choice of court agreement. The convention allows a relatively straightforward execution of foreign judgments post-Brexit.

It is applicable when:

  • An exclusive jurisdiction clause is concluded after entering into force for the chosen court’s state. There can be exclusions to the rule based on the scope of the Hague Convention. Employment and consumer contracts are outside its remit.
  • Proceedings are commenced after it enters into force for seized court’s state.

The Lugano Convention

The UK did not accede to the Lugano Convention for instances where judicial assistance was needed when no exclusive choice of court agreement was in place, and hence, the Hague Convention cannot be applied. Had the UK agreed to the Lugano Convention before Brexit, it would have offered a more thorough reference for cross-jurisdictional judicial cooperation.

Moreover, in July last year, the EU had refused to give the UK its consent to access the Lugano Convention. The EU reasoned that this convention should be reserved for member states of the EU and states with close regulatory interaction with the European Union.

It was felt that, by its nature, the Lugano Convention should be reserved for those States with close regulatory integration with the EU. It is why the UK is unable to rely on this convention.

Enforcement of Judgments beyond the Hague Convention

Since the UK has been denied access to the Lugano Convention, it has to rely on domestic rules in England and Wales to enforce and execute foreign judgments post-Brexit. The statutory regimes of the Foreign Judgments (Reciprocal Enforcement) Act 1933 and the Administration of Justice Act 1920 might enable the registration and execution of these judgments. They are arguably swifter and more economical than the common law regulations under CPR Part 74.

Under English common law, enforcing foreign judgments demands the creditor to start a fresh cause of action in the court of law. However, the foreign judgment itself creates the cause of action in this case. The Limitation Act 1980 will also apply to common law regulations.

Prospective Future Developments

The promising Convention of 2nd July 2019, rooted in the recognition and enforcement of foreign judgments in commercial and civil matters, enables the effective and seamless international circulation of judgments in commercial and civil issues. The UK hopes the Judgment Convention will continue to complement the Hague Convention and offer a more stable, comprehensive regulatory framework to facilitate cross-jurisdictional enforcement. That said, Brexit will continue to shape and affect the law and foreign judgments.

Driving Offences in the UK

Driving offences in the UK

Wondering what the driving offences in the UK are? Read on to find out!

From drunk driving and texting and driving to speeding and reckless driving to not carrying the appropriate documents, countless reckless actions fall under the scope of a driving offence. Plus, certain behaviours result in multiple offences that could lead you to face a lot of legal trouble.

So, without ado, let’s look at what counts as a driving offence in the UK under the Road Traffic Act 1988!

Driving Offences in the UK

Here are all the driving offences you can make in the United Kingdom:

Dangerous Driving

Dangerous driving is a driving offence under section 2 of the Road Traffic Act (RTA) 1988. A person commits this offence when their driving falls way below the standard of competent driving expected from a careful and proficient driver, and their driving is deemed as outwardly dangerous. Behaviours that fall under this offence include racing, speeding, driving aggressively, ignoring traffic lights, dangerous overtaking, drunk driving, driving when unfit, driving when distracted, and more.

Careless Driving

Reckless or careless driving constitutes actions that result in driving without due attention. This offence is under section 3 of the RTA. A driver can commit this offence when their driving falls below the standard expected from a careful driver. Examples of careless driving include overtaking on the inside, driving through a red light by mistake, misusing lanes, driving too close to another car, turning into the path of another vehicle, distracted driving, flashing headlights needlessly, slow driving without reason, etc.

Driving Offences Involving Death

The most common driving offences in the UK that involve fatalities are caused by reckless, dangerous driving by careless drivers who drive under the influence of alcohol or drugs. Other possible offences might be driving without a valid license, driving while disqualified, and aggressive driving.

Document Offences

A driver can also commit document offences while driving if they drive otherwise than in accordance with a license. Driving without a legitimate license covering their vehicle’s class, without insurance, or without an MOT certificate, will also constitute as a document offence. Moreover, under Section 172 of the RTA, a driver will commit an offence if they do not provide their personal identification information when they might have committed an offence.

Driving under the Influence

It is illegal to drive if the amount of alcohol in your breath, urine, or blood is more than the prescribed limit, and you’re unfit to drive due to drugs or alcohol in your system. If you do not provide a roadside specimen in the breath test or at a police station when suspected of driving under the influence, it’s a punishable offence.

Penalties for Driving Offences in the UK

The penalties the court charges depend on the type of driving offence committed. Here are some common penalties:

  • For Fatality due to Careless Driving Under the Influence:1 to 14 years in prison or an unlimited fine or both, disqualified from driving for a minimum of two years
  • For Death due to Dangerous Driving:1 to 14 years in prison and disqualification for a minimum of two years
  • Fatality by Careless or Inconsiderate Driving:Up to five years in prison and a minimum 1-year disqualification
  • Death by Driving Unlicensed, Uninsured, or When Disqualified: up to two years in prison or an unlimited fine or both, a minimum 1-year disqualification
  • Manslaughter or Murder:Up to life imprisonment and a disqualification of a minimum of 2 years

Ukrainian Children at Risk of Human Trafficking at the Ukraine-Poland Border

human trafficking at the Ukraine-Poland border

At present, human trafficking at the Ukraine-Poland border is a rising concern since 90% of the over 3.6 million Ukrainian refugees are women and children. Both are at a greater risk of trafficking as they are the most vulnerable amid the chaos and crisis that ensued due to the on-going war. Internally displaced children traveling alone and crossing the Ukraine-Poland border are at risk of getting exploited by traffickers.

Many organisations and charities are attempting to organise safe passage for orphaned children in Ukraine’s foster homes and orphanages, but countless children are unaccounted for. It’s giving rise to the dreaded notion that they have already fallen prey to human traffickers.

Children Suffering from Human Trafficking at Ukraine-Poland Border

Salam, a charity helping Ukrainian refugees, has surmised that the children being dropped at the Ukraine-Poland border by charities and helpful organisations are being targeted by traffickers. Since these children are looking for assistance, refuge, food, etc., they are easy prey for trafficking rings. If an adult has food or refuge on offer, the scared children will go with them.

Smugglers and traffickers wearing reflective vests and pretending that they belong to relief organisations are ensnaring children in their rings. These are advanced traffickers with well-financed networks that have been operational for a long time now. They are well-versed at what they do and are able to inflict damage during peaceful times, making them doubly threatening in the current chaotic and disorderly times.

Orphans at Risk of Human Trafficking

Even though Ukraine is not allowing most men aged 18-60 to leave the country and demanding them to fight in the war, men with three or more children can pass through its borders. That said, the country is not properly vetting such men crossing the Poland-Ukraine border, ensuring that the kids they are passing with are, in fact, their children.

Ylva Johansson, the EU Commissioner for Home Affairs, delivered a speech recently in which she voiced her concern that criminals are taking orphans from Ukrainian orphanages and crossing borders with them while pretending to be their relatives and then trafficking them. Moreover, the absence of precise vetting processes for volunteers helping house refugees crossing the border further compounds human trafficking risks.

What Is Happening to Protect the Children from Human Trafficking?

Currently, there is no paper trail of what is happening to the children who are crossing the border. However, the Ukrainian authorities are now creating a system with the help of NGOs to process the displaced children and set up safe havens in the east of the country.

Initially, the countless children who were lost either became war casualties, victims of human trafficking or crossed over the border. It was chaotic as there was no system. Today, many children are already being evacuated to the east in the Lviv region, where NGOs are sheltering and feeding them.

There’s still a risk of human trafficking at the Ukraine-Poland border, especially for children travelling without a legal guardian. The UNODC is working with multiple NGOs, UN entities, and law enforcement authorities to respond to this risk. It’s working on ensuring these refugee children have access to healthcare and education. But the risk of human trafficking will not be resolved easily. It will require large-scale anti-trafficking efforts, early trafficking detection, prevention strategies, etc.

Brexit and the Deportation of EU Citizens

UK Flag

The deportation of EU citizens has been a heated debate in the post-Brexit UK. Many EU residents who have resided in the UK for years faced deportation threats as the UK separated from the EU.

The EU settlement scheme provided EU, EEA, and Swiss citizens and their eligible family members residing in the UK before the transition period ended with the opportunity to protect their residence in the UK after the transition period ends.

While deportation of EU citizens has been a very real concern, both the UK and EU have been taking steps to safeguard the rights of citizens. The latest meeting of the Citizens’ Rights Specialised Committee took place on January 24, 2022. Read on to learn more about it and the discussions on deportation threats to EU as well as UK citizens.

Citizens’ Rights Specialised Committee Meeting 

Following the meeting, which was co-chaired by representatives from the UK government and the European Commission, the UK government and the European Commission issued a joint statement. A number of EU Member State representatives were also present.

The Withdrawal Agreement established the Committee to supervise the implementation and execution of the Citizens’ Rights section of the Withdrawal Agreement, which covers the status of UK nationals in the EU and EU citizens in the UK, as well as their family members.

The UK and the EU discussed the implementation and execution of the Withdrawal Agreement’s Citizens’ Rights section, noting that the final grace periods in the constitutive Member States had now expired. The meeting gave both parties the opportunity to assess any unresolved difficulties.

During the conference, problems about residence were addressed. The EU reiterated their concerns about the compatibility of two aspects of UK implementation with the Withdrawal Agreement:

  • A loss of legal residency if EU citizens fail to apply in time to transition from pre-settled to settled status.
  • A lack of clarity for EU citizens having UK residence status as to whether their rights are protected by the Withdrawal Agreement or by UK immigration law.

The EU highlighted the UK’s stance on these concerns and stated that it will now examine suitable future steps. EU representatives have expressed concerns over the implementation of the UK’s digital-only policy, emphasising the difficulties faced by EU nationals and, in particular, their non–EU family members.

The UK expressed worries about evidencing status in the declaratory Member States. The UK expressed worry that UK nationals are still having difficulty accessing benefits and services, recommending that the EU emphasise the importance of clear instructions in the declaratory Member States. The UK urged the EU to guarantee that all constituent Member States adopted a pragmatic and flexible approach similar to the UK’s.

The Bottom Line 

Both the UK and the EU underlined their common goal of ensuring the proper implementation and execution of the Citizens’ Rights component of the Withdrawal Agreement in both the UK and the EU for the benefit of their citizens. The publishing of a Joint Report on Residence was also addressed, with both the UK and the EU agreeing. The United Kingdom and the European Union have decided to meet again in mid-2022.

 

Brexit In 2022 – What to Expect?

Brexit

After being released from EU commercial and “free movement” regulations, the UK has been implementing its own trade and immigration policies. Changes have an impact on people, travel, and business. In 2022, the government is committed to providing the benefits that Brexit promised.

Brexit in 2022 – Legal Divergence from the EU

In a speech to the House of Lords in September 2021, Lord Frost, then Minister of State, stated the government’s intention to conduct an ongoing assessment of Retained EU law to repeal or alter it. The UK will seek legal divergence from the EU in several industries. Read on to look at some of these areas and the expected results of Brexit in 2022.

Agricultural Sector 

The UK has implemented a new agricultural subsidy regime, which attempts to modify the way agricultural subsidies are distributed. The new approach is meant to reward farmers for their environmental stewardship of the land. These improvements will significantly impact how UK farmers can use their land.

Furthermore, the UK Government’s response to the gene-editing consultation in September 2021 revealed its willingness to move beyond the EU in this area. Accelerated approval pathways for gene-edited crops would encourage more international investment, creating an advantage for the UK as a benefit of Brexit.

Asylum and Immigration

The UK has enacted a new Nationality and Borders Bill, currently making its way through Parliament. This Bill incorporates new immigration, asylum, and nationality laws and penalties for people smugglers. The Bill is designed in part to indicate that the government is following through on the Leave Campaign’s ‘Take Back Control’ slogan, which was centred, at least in part, on border control.

Foreign Direct Investment

The National Security and Investment Act went into effect on January 4th. When combined with amendments to the Takeover Code, it represents a significant shake-up of the UK investment regime, with ramifications for M&A and other transactions. The Act tries to strike a balance between supporting FDI and preventing more UK enterprises in particularly sensitive sectors from falling under ‘foreign’ control and ownership.

Control of State Aid and Subsidies

The government has introduced the Subsidy Control Bill, which will replace the EU-wide state aid legislation. The Bill is still being debated in Parliament and is expected to go into effect later this year.

The Bill represents one of the most major post-Brexit legislative developments. Devolved Administrations and Local Authorities will have the authority to provide subsidies to businesses in order to support the government’s ‘levelling up’ agenda and promote more equitable economic growth across the UK. At the same time, it will help avoid ‘bidding wars’ that could result in inefficient relocation of businesses and jobs from one part of the UK to another.

An Overview of Post-Brexit Tension with the EU States 

The UK has begun implementing some import limits on EU products as of January 2022, after repeatedly postponing border checks due to supply chain concerns. London and Brussels have fought over a number of topics, including diplomatic representation, vaccine exports, and, most importantly, new arrangements for Northern Ireland.

Despite being a part of the UK, Northern Ireland continues to obey some EU standards as part of the Brexit divorce agreement in order to maintain an open land border with the Irish Republic, which is an EU member. However, tensions have erupted over the negotiated Northern Ireland Protocol outlining the new procedures.

Post-Brexit tensions have also persisted in Scotland. Tensions between the British and French administrations over fishing licences and migration over the English Channel are also evident.

The Bottom Line 

We can conclude that despite the ongoing tensions, Brexit was not the tragedy that many predicted. There has been a knock to commerce, but that hit may just be transitory. Considering all, the economy has held up fairly well.

Investments are expected to recover further in 2022 – and this is before the government has made any significant effort to capitalise on the benefits of Brexit. The benefits of trade agreements with the rest of the globe will start manifesting.

 

Impact of Brexit on Divorce and Family Law

Brexit’s impact on family law

In the pre-Brexit era, there was an increase in cases involving international family law issues and cross-border cases. Even today, it isn’t unusual for families to be dispersed across multiple countries and own properties abroad. Many children are part of families that travel frequently and live in more than one country.

However, Brexit has surely changed the way families deal with disputes and divorce cases. Here’s how Brexit has impacted family law and divorce:

Brexit’s Impact on Divorce Cases

In a pre-Brexit world, the question of which country a divorce would be issued in was dealt with by a Council Regulation known as Brussels II. Each partner would often race to the court to benefit from the lis pendens rule, which dictates that the first party to issue proceedings at court obtains the court jurisdiction in that country. People often required urgent advice and had to take action right after to secure the best proceedings arena.

However, Brexit certainly changed this ruling. That said, divorces issued before or on 31st December 2020 will follow this rule, and the divorce will be recognized under the Brussels II regulation. However, for divorces filed after the stipulated date, the lis pendens rule has been replaced by a forum conveniens rule, which previously only applied to non-EU countries.

Under this rule, a court has the authority to decline to deal with a divorce case if they deem it to be more convenient or appropriate for a different country to deal with it. This change has certainly led to more prolonged and costly disputes regarding which country should issue the divorce if both parties cannot agree.

Brexit has also impacted another aspect of divorce cases: jurisdictional grounds to bring a divorce. Today, a petitioner can only initiate divorce proceedings in Wales and England if the English court has jurisdiction to handle those proceedings. The removal of Brussels II has altered the definition of the jurisdiction in a divorce petition. These technical points continue to impact divorce applications and make the process more tiresome.

Brexit’s Impact on Children Law

Before Brexit, the Brussels II regulation ensured consistency in international family law disputes as it recognized parental responsibility across EU member states. It also regulated the rules centred on children protection and abduction in the European Union.

However, since Brexit, international children disputes have gotten more complicated. After all, parenting through a separation or divorce isn’t an easy feat when you live in the same country, but things are bound to become a lot more challenging when you add different jurisdictions to the mix.

In a post-Brexit world, the divorcing partners might have to deal with changes in maintenance agreements, custody, access to children, and gaps in the law that Brexit might not have covered. The only way to reduce the length of the litigation process and costs incurred is to seek legal advice right away to proceed down the right path.

The Bottom Line

Brexit’s impact on family law continues to unfold with each passing day as we learn more and more about how the move altered the way couples can file for and fight a divorce case or deal with cases related to the custody and maintenance of their children.

UK Imports: Everything You Need to Know About Pre-Lodgement

UK pre-lodgement model

In the wake of the post-Brexit transitionary period, the UK revamped many of its export and import policies and conventions. Many of the steps that were taken by Great Britain at this time were toward frontier operations and to control the flow of goods from the EU into Great Britain.

In this vein, Great Britain is now using the pre-lodgement model to gain better control over the goods that come into the UK from EU member states. Accordingly, this pragmatic approach to import control has caused the UK to delay the introduction of many imports until complete controls are in place by the beginning of 2022.

This article will discuss everything you need to know about pre-lodgement when importing goods to the UK. If you are a port, wharf, or other frontier operator, who dispatches or receives freight from the EU, this article will help you understand how these changes affect you.

The Pre-Lodgement Model

In advance of goods being boarded on freight on the EU side, traders will be required to submit a customs declaration. According to the pre-lodgement model, the carrier of the goods (train, ferry, or plane operator) must ensure that a declaration has been pre-lodged prior to the good being boarded at the EU departure point.

During the crossing of the goods, HM Revenue and Customs will assess the risk of the lodged declarations, and once the imports have been cleared or not, the operator of the carrier will be informed. Accordingly, this ensures that checks are only carried out when required and that most imported goods will be cleared to continue their journey once they have arrived in the UK.

If the goods in question have not been cleared, however, they will be held by the frontier operators at the relevant location until HM Revenue and Customs (HMRC) indicate that the goods are cleared for import.

Import Timeline under the Pre-Lodgement Model

According to the pre-lodgement model of UK imports that is now underway, traders, carriers, and frontier operators will have to follow the following steps:

Step One: Trader

The trader of the goods being imported to the UK must ensure that all EU goods being imported to mainland Britain have had customs declarations submitted in advance of the goods being boarded onto carriers on the EU side.

All customs declarations of goods being imported to the UK from EU states must be made through HMRC-approved IT systems.

Step Two: Carrier

Before boarding the goods on the carrier, the carrier operator must make sure that customs declarations have been submitted for all goods on board.

Step Three: Frontier Locations

In case the frontier location is not mandated for pre-lodgement, the frontier operators must inform carriers that goods should not arrive at the site without pre-lodgement declarations.

Step Four: Goods Released

If goods arriving at the frontier location are selected for checking, they will be subjected to customs compliance activities either at an inland site or the border location in question.

Final Words

In the wake of the post-Brexit transition period, the UK has revamped its policies and regulations concerning imports coming to the UK from EU states. Accordingly, all imports must follow the pre-lodgement model, which is the responsibility of traders, carriers, and frontier operators to carry out.